El mundo está en constante cambio y seguramente no somos conscientes de este hecho. Te estarás preguntando qué es la revolución industrial 4.0 y también estarás tratando de entender qué es eso de 4.0, ¿significa que hubo 3, 2, 1 revolución industrial?
Pues sí, antes de la revolución industrial 4.0 hubo tres previas a esta última. Tratemos de dilucidar, entonces de qué estamos hablando.
¿Qué es la revolución Industrial 4.0?
Esta noción de Industria 4.0 fue mencionada por primera vez en la feria de Hannover, una exposición consagrada a la tecnología industrial. Dicha feria se da en 2011 con el propósito de instalar un proyecto que busca crear el concepto y desarrollar la fábrica inteligente relacionada a la cuarta revolución industrial. Es decir, apuesta por un enfoque de la producción computarizada con todos sus métodos interrelacionados entre sí, valiéndose del internet de las cosas, conocido por las siglas (IoT), o también se conoce como el internet industrial de las cosas (IIoT).
Revoluciones industriales anteriores
Como te mencionamos anteriormente existieron varias revoluciones industriales antes de la 4.0, todas surgen en épocas diferentes y con propósitos muy distintos a los que imperan en la actual.
Revolución industrial 1.0: Surge a finales del siglo XVIII exactamente en 1784 e inicia con la creación de la energía de vapor donde los trenes y las máquinas a vapor son el auge del momento.
Revolución industrial 2.0: Inicia casi cien años después de la primera en 1870 y es la energía eléctrica quien le da comienzo, gracias a la producción en masa de líneas de montaje.
Revolución 3.0: Con prácticamente un siglo de diferencia, en 1969 surge esta tercera revolución con la automatización obtenida de los computadores electrónicos.
Si te fijas existe muy pocos años de diferencia entre esta tercera revolución y la actual, que se menciona, como tal a partir de 2011. Estamos antes menos de medio siglo de distancia entre una y otra, imaginemos entonces cuánto tiempo tiene que pasar para que la humanidad logre avances aún más extraordinarios.
Vale la pena destacar que una de las primordiales características que presenta la industria 4.0, es que a diferencia de las anteriores, esta impacta directamente al ser humano. Por esta razón, para Benito Echeverría y Pilar Martínez (2018) en el artículo “Revolución 4.0, competencias, educación y orientación”, parafraseamos que, tal vez la crisis más grande de nuestra era es la del patrón de pensamiento, dónde nos cuestionamos cómo afrontar los problemas, puesto que confrontar los desafíos del porvenir requiere de una visión del mundo desde nuevos paradigmas.
Características de la Industria 4.0
Esta actual revolución en la que estamos viene configurada en tres ejes:
Biga data
Internet de las cosas
Tecnologías adictivas
Sabemos que estos cambios repercuten en todos los espacios de nuestra vida diaria, nada escapa a las nuevas formas de hacer las cosas. Sin embargo, hay una idea inquietante que expresan Benito Echeverría y Pilar Martínez (2018) en su artículo mencionado anteriormente. Estamos ante una era de incertidumbre porque debemos aprender y crear nuevas formas, nuevos patrones para ponerlos en práctica, sin saber por cuánto tiempo nos puedan servir, avanzamos a pasos agigantados y se requiere aprender para desaprender, porque esta es la norma que demanda esta nueva industria.
Nuevamente se evidencia aquí la ardua labor que nos toca enfrentar como seres humanos, en el pasado quedaron los avances tecnológicos que repercutían en máquinas, ahora el hombre viene siendo la maquina a la que le toca encarar el nuevo mundo que se presenta completamente desconocido e incierto.
En este sentido, la educación viene siendo el eje central encargado de impartir las transformaciones que permitirán ajustar el nuevo orden a las diferentes áreas por medio de la enseñanza.
La revolución industrial 4.0 en la educación
El reto que se presenta ahora es saber de qué forma atenderemos estos cambios que más pronto que tarde el tiempo nos pedirá poner en práctica, de hecho, ya algunos se están haciendo, como es el caso de la educación a distancia, el uso de las distintas herramientas tecnológicas en el salón de clase. En fin, pero estas prácticas son insignificantes comparadas con el hecho de que se requiere un nuevo modelo educativo que demande competencias y habilidades aptas para encarar la nueva era.
Entre las particularidades que se avecinan está la aparición de nuevas profesiones y la desaparición de muchas otras, Benito Echeverría y Pilar Martínez (2018) creen que podría ser más la cantidad que desparezca que las que se originen. Por otro lado está el tema de la robotización que desplazará a ciento de empleados, sin embargo surgirá la necesidad de nuevos puestos de empleos, porque sabemos que la inteligencia artificial tampoco lo puede todo, o al menos eso es lo que creemos hasta ahora.
Con qué se cuenta actualmente para encarar la industria 4.0 a nivel educativo
Benito Echeverría y Pilar Martínez (2018) han evaluado una serie de teorías existentes para buscar allí respuestas que puedan ayudar a enfrentar los cambios que se avecinan en el sector educativo.
La Teoría U, según estos investigadores puede ser la más acertada, considerando que conduce hacia el afamado aforismo “Conócete a ti mismo.” En este método se busca guiar a las personas al descubrimiento de su potencial innovador. Es decir, propone que las acciones humanas germinan comúnmente de un punto ciego, ubicado en el interior de las personas y su entorno como sociedad, donde se crean las etapas de la conciencia, atención e intención. Se le llama punto ciego, porque se vale de un espacio invisible de nuestro entorno social.
En este caso podemos tener claro el por qué, para qué o cómo procedemos e inclusive somos conscientes del crear de los demás, pero sin tener conocimiento suficiente sobre el origen de dónde provienen nuestras acciones. Por esta razón, es primordial hallarle una respuesta a la interrogante de ¿quién soy, cuál es el sitio dentro de mí desde donde actúo?, tanto en lo personal como grupalmente.
Sin duda la implementación de esta teoría puede verse complicada desde un punto de vista ontológico, pero al mismo tiempo se vuelve interesante y muy necesaria en un universo donde la inquietud por lo desconocido genera altibajos emocionales.
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